New Papers in Fluid Mechanics

Author(s): John C. Sentmanat, Peter A. Kottke, and Andrei G. Fedorov

In vacuum nanoelectrospray, a stream of electrically charged nanoliter droplets moving at high speed through a rarefied space at sub-atmospheric pressure. A supersonic gas microjet in crossflow can effectively redirect the nanodroplets to control their destination. The fundamental theory predicts the droplet fate to enable applications such as high-resolution inkjet printing, trust vectoring for precise satellite control, and biochemical imaging using desorption electrospray ionization.

[Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, 114303] Published Tue Nov 18, 2025

Author(s): Chunlai Wu, Rudie P. J. Kunnen, Ziqi Wang, Xander M. de Wit, Federico Toschi, and Herman J. H. Clercx

We report an experimental technique that fully resolves the three-dimensional angular velocity of magnetic particles, suspended in turbulence and actuated by an oscillating magnetic field, using only single-camera two-dimensional imaging. The particles, smaller than the Taylor microscale of the turbulent flow and less dense than water, are tracked with high accuracy to reveal their magnetically driven rotational dynamics affected by turbulence-induced hydrodynamic torque. This method to measure the rotational dynamics of small particles overcomes a key experimental limitation and the experimental apparatus enables active modulation of turbulence through external magnetic fields.

[Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, 114903] Published Tue Nov 18, 2025

Author(s): Timo Schorlepp, Katharina Kormann, Jeremiah Lübke, Tobias Schäfer, and Rainer Grauer

Sampling synthetic turbulent fields as a computationally tractable surrogate for direct numerical simulations (DNS) is an important practical problem in various applications, and allows us to test our physical understanding of the main features of real turbulent flows. Reproducing higher-order Euler…

[Phys. Rev. E 112, 055108] Published Mon Nov 17, 2025

Author(s): Elhoussine Azroul and Ghizlane Diki

This study introduces an approach to extend the Keller and Skalak (KS) theory by integrating the modified Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative. Our focus is on investigating the transition of red blood cells from flipping to stationary motion within shear flows. Expanding upon the predictions out…

[Phys. Rev. E 112, 055109] Published Mon Nov 17, 2025

Author(s): Manikandan Balasubramaniyan, Haiqing Wang, Peijin Liu, Yu Guan, Bo Yin, and Larry K. B. Li

Turbulent premixed bluff-body flames can host both hydrodynamic and self-excited thermoacoustic modes, yet their coupling remains unclear. By fixing the Reynolds number and equivalence ratio while sweeping only the combustor length, we map the route from desynchronization to two-frequency quasiperiodicity and ultimately to 1:2 mutual synchronization, accompanied by strong pressure and heat-release-rate (HRR) oscillations. Spatiotemporal analyses reveal the recirculation zone as the dominant energy-injection site. We also identify two blow-off pathways with clear, local HRR precursors.

[Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, 113201] Published Mon Nov 17, 2025

Author(s): Leon Li and R. Jason Hearst

This study examines the effects of freestream turbulence on the wakes of circular and square cylinders, with a particular focus on the streamwise evolution of the wake properties. Four different inflow conditions are created by an active grid and are good approximations of homogeneous, isotropic turbulence, thus enabling us to isolate its effects on the wakes. Contiguous high resolution PIV data is gathered up to 1 m downstream of the cylinders. The results reveal that increasing turbulence intensity promotes early transition to self-similarity of the wake velocity deficit, and the earlier breakdown of coherent structures, leading to a reduced average number of vortices in the wake.

[Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, 114610] Published Mon Nov 17, 2025

Author(s): Dana L. O.-L. Lavacot, Jessie Liu, Brandon E. Morgan, and Ali Mani

The Macroscopic Forcing Method (MFM) is a numerical tool for determining closure operators, including turbulent closures, through forced numerical simulations. In this work, we outline and demonstrate the recommended MFM procedure to avoid slow statistical convergence of MFM measurements as well as maintain consistent boundary condition treatment. We apply the method to quantify eddy diffusivity moments in two-dimensional Rayleigh-Taylor instability to improve statistical convergence for analysis.

[Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, 114904] Published Mon Nov 17, 2025

Author(s): Cailei Lu, Zhenze Yao, Mengqi Zhang, Kang Luo, and Hongliang Yi

A linear nonmodal analysis is performed to investigate the transient growth of diffusive convection in the absence/presence of a bounded Couette flow. The results first examine the properties of transient growth of the pure diffusive convection and interpret the mechanism to cause this growth. Then, the transient growth of diffusive convection with a Couette flow is investigated. Three nonmodal instability regimes regarding the transient growth of the mixed convection are identified, and two mechanisms of the double diffusion to enhance the lift-up mechanism are revealed.

[Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, 113902] Published Fri Nov 14, 2025

Author(s): Wangxin Yu, Qingquan Liu, Huaning Wang, Chun Feng, and Xiaoliang Wang

There are a variety of shock waves in fast-moving granular flows colliding with obstacles which crucially shape flow resistance and impact dynamics. This study employs a depth-integrated numerical model to reveal four distinct interaction regimes—oblique, attached bow, detached bow, and runover—depending on the Froude number and wedge geometry. The results also identify a previously unreported transitional attached bow shock that bridges classical regimes, which would be helpful for improving understanding of flow-obstacle interactions relevant to geophysical hazards.

[Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, 114302] Published Fri Nov 14, 2025

Author(s): Valerio Lupi, Daniele Massaro, Adam Peplinski, and Philipp Schlatter

Swirl switching is the temporal rotation of the plane of symmetry of the cross-sectional vortices about the equatorial plane of a curved pipe and can induce considerable structural vibrations. We investigate the effect of bending angle and inflow conditions by performing high-fidelity direct numerical simulations of spatially developing bent pipe flows and extracting spatially coherent structures through proper orthogonal decomposition. Our results show that upstream turbulence is not the primary cause of swirl switching. Instead, the phenomenon likely arises because of a symmetry-breaking instability of the shear layer originating within the curved section.

[Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, 114608] Published Fri Nov 14, 2025

Author(s): Dhananjay Singh, Harshit Tiwari, Lekha Sharma, and Mahendra K. Verma

We present a novel mathematical framework to compute mode-to-mode energy transfers and fluxes for compressible flows. This formalism captures detailed energy conservation within triads and allows decomposition of transfers into rotational, compressive, and mixed components, providing a clear picture of energy exchange among velocity and internal energy modes. The key image shows the decomposed energy fluxes.

[Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, 114609] Published Fri Nov 14, 2025

Author(s): Lei Dong, Wenqiang Zhang, Dandan Xiao, and Xuerui Mao

The modulation frequency exerts a significant effect on the evolution of plasma-induced vortices, giving rise to three distinct flow structures: vortex-free evolution, leapfrogging, and coexistence of multiple vortex pairs. Among them, the formation of leapfrogging enhances the entrainment coefficient of the plasma jet, thereby potentially enabling more effective flow control.

[Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, 114701] Published Fri Nov 14, 2025

Author(s): Patrice Meunier

Precessing flows in cylinders are highly effective for mixing a passive scalar, as illustrated here with the thin streaks of fluorescent dye. The stretching and folding of these streaks results from chaotic advection by the flow which becomes resonant at specific cylinder heights. This paper reviews theoretical, experimental, and numerical studies of the resonances and the instabilities of a precessional flow, as well as their implications for efficient mixing.

[Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, 114803] Published Fri Nov 14, 2025

Author(s): F. Serafini, F. Battista, P. Gualtieri, and C. M. Casciola

Turbulent wall-bounded flows of dilute polymer solutions achieve a universal state known as Maximum Drag Reduction (MDR). At MDR, elongated polymers primarily sustain velocity fluctuations, destroy the classical path of turbulent kinetic energy of wall-bounded Newtonian turbulence, and induce a mean linear effective viscosity, whose slope defines a new inner length scale for the. system. Analogously to Newtonian turbulence, the mean velocity shows a universal logarithmic behavior (Virk’s law) in the case of a large separation between the inner and the outer scale of the system.

[Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, L111301] Published Fri Nov 14, 2025

Author(s): C. Cura, A. Hanifi, A. V. G. Cavalieri, and J. Weiss

Turbulent separation bubbles (TSBs) are known to exhibit broadband low-frequency unsteadiness; however, the origin of this phenomenon remains disputed. This work demonstrates that the low-frequency dynamics of a family of TSBs with varying separation extent arise from a forced response to a stationary global mode, rather than from self-sustained oscillations. The forced response remains robust even when the TSB vanishes in the time average or when linear global instability arises. These findings reconcile previous ambiguities regarding the origin of low-frequency unsteadiness in TSBs and further provide guidance for future flow control strategies.

[Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, 114607] Published Thu Nov 13, 2025

Author(s): Huixin Li, Mohammad Mehdi Zamani Asl, Bastian Bäuerlein, Kerstin Avila, Duo Xu, and Marc Avila

T-shaped mixers are workhorses for rapid mixing across scales, yet turbulent regimes remain underexplored experimentally. We scale up T-shaped mixers from sub-millimeters to centimeters, and implement flow measurements using techniques of particle image velocimetry and planar laser-induced fluorescence across laminar to turbulent regimes, validated against direct numerical simulations. We successfully replicate the flow characteristics in low-Reynolds-number regimes from micro-scale devices in literature, and also reveal enhanced turbulent mixing in the outlet channel, offering new insights into mixing dynamics at multiple scales.

[Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, 114502] Published Wed Nov 12, 2025

Author(s): Shane Nicholas, Mohammad Omidyeganeh, Alfredo Pinelli, Alessandro Monti, Giulio Foggi Rota, and Marco E. Rosti

When flexible filaments are exposed to flow, they naturally reconfigure into streamlined shapes—but how filament inclination alone alters turbulence remains unclear. Using large-eddy simulations of inclined filament canopies, we show that tilting the filaments transforms the flow from a canopy-turbulence regime to one where the canopy is largely sheltered from the outer flow, even yielding net drag reduction. A unified virtual-origin framework explains this transition, linking geometry, turbulence penetration, and drag.

[Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, 114605] Published Wed Nov 12, 2025

Author(s): S. Midya and F. Thomas

In this study, the skewness in both canonical and actuated zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers (Reθ =1770) is decomposed using the real part of the bispectrum, revealing the triadic interactions contributing to skewness. The bispectra of the canonical TBL are compared with those from a case where plasma actuation introduces large-scale spanwise vortices in the outer layer. Actuation serves to examine how imposed outer-layer structures influence near-wall dynamics. Results indicate that linear inner–outer interactions dominate: in the actuated TBL, outer-layer structures modulate near-wall vortex strength but do not trigger their formation.

[Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, 114606] Published Wed Nov 12, 2025

Author(s): Ismaël Zighed, Nicolas Thome, Patrick Gallinari, and Taraneh Sayadi

This uncertainty-aware Reduced Order Model (ROM) demonstrates enhanced robustness and generalization across varying dynamical regimes of unsteady flow. It provides systematic and reliable predictions by leveraging a Variational Autoencoder (VAE) to construct a suitable latent manifold, and attention mechanisms in the latent space to capture temporal and parametric dependencies.

[Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, 114902] Published Wed Nov 12, 2025

Author(s): Junchao Sun, Xiaoyan Tang, and Yong Chen

We derive a nonlocal Ostrovsky equation to describe two internal waves generated at distinct locations and times, together with their correlations and interactions. When the initial conditions are P̂T̂ symmetry invariant, the internal waves can either exhibit cnoidal wave structures that are largely…

[Phys. Rev. E 112, 055104] Published Wed Nov 12, 2025